ThoughtCo. The sentiment in Russia became decidedly anti-German. It is a special treat to drink a glass of wine in the same city in … Once you have traced your family back to your immigrant ancestor, you must determine the city or town the ancestor was from. Due to the hundreds of thousands of German immigrants who lived in the country, Argentina maintained close ties with Germany and remained neutral for much of … The Nazi war criminals and collaborators may have been butchers, but there is no doubt that they were rabidly anti-communist. Like many cities settled by Germans, its development was greatly influenced by them and today the city has many examples of Chalet-style architecture brought by German, Swiss and Austrian immigrants. This census provides the Date of arrival in the Colony (24 groups between 22 and 01-1878 and 24-04-1880), Name, Nationality, Marital status, age, and literacy. "Why Argentina Accepted Nazi War Criminals After World War II." Micolis, Marisa, 1973, Une communauté allemande en Argentine: Eldorado: Problèmes d’intégration socio-culturelle, (Québec, Centre international de recherches sur le bilinguisme). [citation needed], Today, most German Argentines do not speak German at home because of the decline of the language; however, some estimates suggest that 1.8 million Argentines of non-German descent have some knowledge of German. The former founded Santa María and Santa Teresa, the latter Guatraché, San Martín, and Alpachiri. In the ‘50s our government loved the Nazis. There are many towns and regions there where only German is spoken, due to German expatriate communities making up the majority of the local population. This page was last edited on 27 January 2021, at 02:15. Finally, they were never dispossessed, they kept their land and their animals – something they remain proud of to this day. In recent years a number of these stories have become popular online, with dozens of sites perpetuating them.The simplest story is that there was a During this period, Argentine diplomats and intelligence officers, on Perón's instructions, vigorously encouraged these groups to make their home in Argentina. It's not like World War II ended one day in 1945 and suddenly everyone realized how horrible the Nazis had been. After Germany's defeat, Eichmann fled to Austria and then to Argentina, where he was captured by the Israeli Mossad in 1960. Nazi war criminal Adolph Eichmann stands in a protective glass booth flanked by Israeli police during his trial June 22, 1961 in Jerusalem. Some of them lived in Argentina under their real names, but others clandestinely obtained new identities. Later on, Argentina maintained a strong economic relationship with both Imperial Germany and the British Empire, supporting both their wartime economies with supply shipments during World War I. Argentina welcomed hundreds if not thousands of them: the Juan Domingo Perón regime went to great lengths to get them there, sending agents to Europe to ease their passage, providing travel documents, and in many cases covering expenses. This is not surprising, as most Argentines were of Spanish, Italian, or German descent. There are several sources that may give your ancestor's place of origin. Two studies have been done on these arrivals’ impact on the newspaper Das Argentinische Tageblatt and how it was used by anti-Nazi immigrants to contribute to the debate about fascism. Weyne, Olga, 1986, El Último Puerto: Del Rhin al Volga y del Volga al Plata, (Buenos Aires: Editorial Tesis S.A.). Argentina was full of Nazi spies and Argentine officers and diplomats held important positions in Axis Europe. The influence of German culture has also influenced Argentine cuisine; the "Achtzig Schlag" cake, which was translated as Torta Ochenta Golpes in the country, can be found in some bakeries. Many more were allowed to go to Argentina instead because the Allies were reluctant to hand them over to their new communist rivals where the outcome of their war trials would inevitably result in their executions. After World War II, thousands of Nazis became informants in the Cold War against the Soviet Union — and then got entry into the U.S. Eric Lichtblau's new book, The Nazi Next Door, tells the story. Upon the invitation of Catherine the Great, 25,000 Germans immigrated to the Volga valley of Russia to establish 104 German villages from 1764 to 1767. The history of Argentina during World War II is a complex period of time beginning in 1939, following the outbreak of war in Europe, and ending in 1945 with the surrender of Japan. They comprised 28% of total immigration to the country, as mass migration to Argentina was slowing. group of peasants from Germany who were enticed to settle the often inhospitable and dangerous region of south-central Russia Between 1905 and 1933, the number of German schools rose from 59 to 176. [5] It is a language that can be heard all over the country, and this is partly maintained by the continued existence of German-speaking Argentines and some business connections. German Argentines today make up the fourth-largest ethnic group in Argentina, with over two million Volga Germans alone. In the end, these Nazis had little lasting impact on Argentina. Schönwald, M.: Deutschland und Argentinien nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg. Argentina took all germans that could get its hands on before they were captured by the USSR or the USA. Seyferth, Giralda, “German Immigration and Brazil's Colonization Policy,” in Mass Migration to Modern Latin America, 2003, edited by Samuel Baily and Eduardo José Míguez, (Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources Inc.), 227-244. Further, because of an era of national identities and the post-World War II problems of promoting German identity, the pre-existing process of assimilation was not met with resistance by the new arrivals.[3]. [citation needed], The final period of German immigration to Argentina occurred between 1946 and 1950 when President Juan Perón ordered the creation of a ratline for prominent Nazis, collaborators and other fascists from Europe. Some of the smarter Nazi officers and collaborators saw the writing on the wall as early as 1943 and began squirreling away gold, money, valuables, paintings and more, often in Switzerland. Additional Volga Germans, some from Brazil and others directly from Russia, arrived in Argentina over the next few years. https://www.thoughtco.com/why-did-argentina-accept-nazi-criminals-2136579 (accessed February 9, 2021). Kazal, Russel, 2004, Becoming Old Stock: The Paradox of German-American Identity, (Princeton: Princeton University Press). Many Nazis scattered after Peron's government fell in 1955, fearing that the new administration, hostile as it was to Peron and all of his policies, might send them back to Europe. Today the Volga-German population alone in Argentina is well over 2 million. Birth, marriage, … Others, such as Dinko Sakic and Erich Priebke, gave ill-advised interviews, which brought them to the attention of the public. Even after Germany was defeated, there were many powerful men in Europe who had favored the Nazi cause and continued to do so. German immigrants began establishing themselves and developing newspapers, schools, and social clubs. Upon arriving in Argentina, the Volga German families were very happy even though they had to begin from scratch because they were finally living in freedom. Some people, including Perón and some of his advisors, predicted that World War III would break out as soon as 1948. The Nazis in Argentina kept Hitler’s torch burning, won new converts in the region’s militaries and passed on the advanced science of torture and “death squad” operations. (descendants of German citizens: 1 million) A flourishing relationship developed between Germany and Argentina as early as the German Unification, with Germany eventually coming to hold a privileged position in the Argentine economy. Minster, Christopher. Swiss bankers, out of greed or sympathy, helped the former Nazis move and launder funds. Colonia Nievas (1885) - called Holtzel by the colonists. It was Argentina that made a concerted effort to rescue as many Nazis as possible. The Jews who … There are still fifteen villages in Entre Ríos populated by descendants of the original settlers, twelve of them are of Catholic origin, and the remaining three, Protestant. In this upcoming "inevitable" conflict, third parties such as Argentina could tip the balance one way or the other. Germany’s close victory against a valiant Argentinian team. Nugent, Walter, 1992, Crossings: The Great Transatlantic Migrations, 1870-1914 (Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press). This colony was composed of 6 villages: Asunción (Spatzenkutter), Concepción (Valle María), San José (Brasilera), Agricultores (Protestante), San Francisco (Pfeiffer), and Salto (Koeller). German immigration to Argentina occurred during five main time periods: pre–1870, 1870–1914, 1918–1933, 1933–1940 and post–1945. Before delving into the facts of the situation, it should be noted that there are several versions of the story of an Antarctic Nazi base. Tried and found guilty of crimes against humanity, he was executed in 1962. Investigators believe that following the war, a cabal of ex-Nazis and Nazi collaborators formed in Argentina and worked with the Perón government (he became president in 1946) to organize the emigration of hundreds, perhaps even thousands, of their kind to Argentina. During the second period, Argentina experienced a boom in immigration due to massive economic expansion in the port of Buenos Aires and the wheat and beef producing Pampas. The allies did not want to try these men themselves (only 22 defendants were tried at the first of the infamous Nuremberg Trials and all told, 199 defendants were tried of which 161 were convicted and 37 were sentenced to death), nor did they want to send them to the communist nations that were requesting them, so they turned a blind eye to the ratlines carrying them by the boatload to Argentina.. [citation needed] In the first period numbers were generally low; of note are the colonias alemanas, first founded in the province of Buenos Aires in 1827. [citation needed]. Many South American countries were home to large communities of ethnic Germans during and after … Cervecería y maltería or Quilmes Beer Company is an Argentine Brewery founded in 1888 in Quilmes, Buenos Aires Province, by Otto Bemberg, a German immigrant. Argentina: The Nazis' "Cape of Last Hope" Argentina had an affiliation with the Axis of dictators in Europe, because of the country’s close cultural ties with Germany, Spain, and Italy, with many of the country’s citizens of European descent. Some large groups of Volga Germans on ships destined for Brazil were diverted to Argentina. These people settled in Colonia General Alvear in the province of Entre Ríos. Many influential Argentines, including wealthy businessmen and members of the government, were openly supportive of the Axis cause, none more so than Perón himself, who had served as military attaché to Benito Mussolini's Italian army in the late 1930s. After World War Two, thousands of Nazis and wartime collaborators from France, Croatia, Belgium and other parts of Europe were looking for a new home: preferably as far away from the Nuremberg Trials as possible. [citation needed], The country received 12,000 immigrants from Germany between 1946 and 1952, a smaller number than in previous periods. The opposite was true in Russia, Protestant Volga Germans outnumbered Catholics by about 2 to 1. In 1874, a new military law decreed that all male Russian subjects, when they reached the age of 20, were eligible to serve in the military for 6 years. Most germans that came after WWII were Kriëgsmarine sailors and the country was desperate to get all the engineers, scientist and officers it could. The reason why so many Italians immigrated to Argentina, starting in the mid-1800s, was because there was more "room" in Argentina to absorb them, given that the physical elimination of the indigenous population in Argentina had gone further than in most Latin American countries. Groth, Hendrik, 1996, Das Argentische Tageblatt: Sprachohr der demokratischen Deutschen und der deutsch-jüdischen Emigration, (Hamburg: Lit Verlag). Some of these men were even quite successful financially, such as Herbert Kuhlmann, a former commander of the Hitler youth who became a prominent businessman. Colonia General Alvear was for many years the main settlement of Volga Germans in Argentina. The informant not only knew Hitler was in Argentina, he was one of the confirmed four men who had met the German submarine. Some well-known Nazis that emigrated to Argentina are Obersturmbannführer Adolf Eichmann, Nazi doctors Josef Mengele and Aribert Heim, Commander Erich Priebke, Commandant Eduard Roschmann, and General Lieutenant "Bubi" Ludolf von Alvensleben. [citation needed]. Perón thought these men would come in useful in the "upcoming" conflict between the USA and the USSR. Compared to other Latin American destinations, Jews came to Argentina relatively early, with entries peaking in the years just following the First World War. The immigration of Germans from Russia to Argentina kept a steady pace until the beginning of World War I. Crespo in Entre Ríos Province and Coronel Suárez in Buenos Aires Province became the most outstanding centers of colonization, as in both cities people of Volga German descent make up the majority of the population. Argentina is 97% white. Ante Pavelic and his cabal of close advisors were in possession of several chests full of gold, jewelry and art they had stolen from their Jewish and Serbian victims: this eased their passage to Argentina considerably. Holocaust Encyclopedia. Even those accused of the most heinous crimes, such as Ante Pavelic (whose Croatian regime murdered hundreds of thousands of Serbs, Jews and Gypsies), Dr. Josef Mengele (whose cruel experiments are the stuff of nightmares) and Adolf Eichmann (Adolf Hitler's architect of the Holocaust) were welcomed with open arms. Argentina was earmarked as a safe haven for fleeing Nazis partly due to its well established German immigrant population. Argentine journalist Uki Goñi, in The Real Odessa: Smuggling the Nazis to Peron’s Argentina (2002), offers what amounts to a synthesis of earlier theories. "Hitler did indeed escape Berlin and lived out his life in relative peace and comfort in Argentina for 20 or 30 years after the war," he revealed on Amazon Prime's "Adolf Hitler's Great Escape". Other wanted war criminals were too cautious to be found: Josef Mengele drowned in Brazil in 1979 after having been the object of a massive manhunt for decades. This was particularly true after 1960, when Adolf Eichmann, architect of the program of Jewish genocide, was snatched off a street in Buenos Aires by a team of Mossad agents and whisked off to Israel where he was tried and executed. Minster, Christopher. It begs the question: Why on Earth would Argentina want these men? Germany as a political entity was founded only in 1871, but immigrants from earlier dates are also considered German Argentines due to their shared ethnic heritage, language and culture. It was named after Carlos Weiderhold, a German Chilean from the city of Osorno who pioneer who settled the region, and the city has become one of Argentina's top tourist destinations. German communities developed in many areas, especially Buenos Aires, with their own schools, hospitals, shops, theaters, sports clubs, and banks. Nazi leaders plundered untold millions from the Jews they murdered and some of that money accompanied them to Argentina. The Real Odessa: Smuggling the Nazis to Peron's Argentina. The first census of the Volga Germans in Argentina was performed on March 31, 1881, in "Colonia General Alvear", Entre Rios Province. Soon after the military service bill became law, both Protestant and Catholic Volga Germans gathered and chose delegations to journey across the Atlantic to examine settlement conditions in countries like the United States, Argentina, Brazil, and Canada. The ratio of Catholic to Protestant Volga Germans in South America was 7 to 1. Further, attendance at German schools rose from 3,300 in 1905 to 12,900 in 1933. In contrast, Jews did not move to Brazil in large numbers until the mid-1920s, and they did not migrate to Bolivia or the Dominican Republic until the late 1930s. "Why Argentina Accepted Nazi War Criminals After World War II." Colonia San Miguel (3 October 1881) - called Dehler by settlers. At present, the descendants of these people live disseminated all over Argentina. A handful of them, such as the Ustashi General Vladimir Kren, were eventually sent back, tried, and executed. Catholic settlers in La Pampa came from south of Buenos Aires and Protestants from Entre Ríos. While police in Argentina did not name any high-ranking Nazis to whom the objects might have originally belonged, … Many Argentines voiced open support for Nazi Germany. Hundreds of left-wing Peronist students and unionists were among the victims of the neo-fascist Argentine junta that launched the Dirty War … [2]. San José (1887) - called Dehler by the colonists and situated in, Santa Trinidad (1887) - called Hildmann by the colonists and situated in, Santa María (1887) - called Kamenka by the colonists and situated in, Colonia General Alvear (1878), includes the following 5, Colonia San Jerónimo/San Jerónimo Norte (Swiss German). They even paid off British officers to let them through Allied lines. Argentine Wine. We saw the screaming fans, the gushing Merkel, the annoyed Messi, and the glorious moment when the German team raised the Golden cup in the air in a cloud of confetti and colourful fireworks, for the fourth time in the World Cup’s … Many Catholic Volga Germans chose South America as their new homeland because the official religion in Brazil and Argentina was Roman Catholic. Though found throughout Argentina, over 80% of these were located in Buenos Aires, Misiones, or Entre Ríos in 1933. The fact that Argentina appears among the most important grain producers of the world is, in part, the responsibility of its citizens of Volga German origin. However, most Volga Germans live in small cities like Ramírez, Crespo, Urdinarrain, Galarza, and Maciá where they usually are the majority. Add that with the fact that there are fascist sympathist governments in power. (2020, August 28). Luebke, Frederick C., 1987, Germans in Brazil: A Comparative History of Cultural Conflict During World War I, (Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University). Under the guidance of Andreas Basgall, Volga Germans started to relocate to Argentina from Brazil in December 1877, and in January 1878 they founded the first Volga German colony of Hinojo, in the province of Buenos Aires. Most of the Nazis who went to Argentina lived out their lives quietly, fearing repercussions if they were too vocal or visible. In addition, dishes like chucrut (sauerkraut) and many different kinds of sausage-like bratwurst and others have also made it into mainstream Argentine cuisine. Luebke, Frederick C., 1974, Bonds of Loyalty: German-Americans and World War I, (DeKalb, Illinois: Northern Illinois University Press). In the 1880s the Russian government began a subtle attack on the German schools. The majority were German Jews although other German opponents of Nazism also arrived. From the point of view of Argentine strategists at the end of the nineteenth century, it was a clever move to fall in line with the strongest European war machine. Upon the invitation of Catherine the Great, 25,000 Germans immigrated to the Volga valley of Russia to establish 104 German villages from 1764 to 1767. Wealthy Germans and Argentine businessmen of German descent were willing to pay the way for escaping Nazis. The group did not congregate as tightly and participated more in general culture. These new nations requested the extradition of many war criminals in allied prisons. Baily, Samuel, “Italian Immigrants in Buenos Aires and New York City, 1870-1914: A Comparative Analysis of Adjustment,” in Mass Migration to Modern Latin America, 2003, edited by Samuel Baily and Eduardo José Míguez, (Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources Inc.), 69-80. ThoughtCo, Aug. 28, 2020, thoughtco.com/why-did-argentina-accept-nazi-criminals-2136579. Nazi Germany nurtured this sympathy, promising important trade concessions after the war. Politische und wirtschaftliche Beziehungen und deutsche Auswanderung 1945-1955, (Sammlung Schöningh zur Geschichte und Gegenwart). A handful of them was eventually tracked down and sent back to Europe for trials, such as Josef Schwammberger and Franz Stangl. Members of your family or a library may have documents that name the city or town, such as: 1. There was a financial incentive for Argentina to accept these men. Just when Russia was abridging the privileges granted to the Germans in an earlier era, several nations in the Americas were attempting to attract settlers by offering inducements reminiscent of those of Catherine the Great. Why Argentina Accepted Nazi War Criminals After World War II. Between 1885 and World War I the population of Argentina doubled due to an influx of three million European immigrants, 100,000 of whom spoke German. It is common knowledge that Argentina was a safe haven for many Nazis after World War II. Half of the 45,000 German speakers who immigrated at this time settled in Buenos Aires. Saint Sauveur-Henn, Anne, 1995, Un siècle d'émigration allemande vers l'Argentine, (Cologne, Germany: Boehlau). The “real Odessa,” he says, consisted of about a dozen energetic ex-Nazis and Nazi collaborators from several nations, including a few wanted war criminals, … German and Italian influence in Argentina was strong mainly due to the presence of numerous immigrants from both countries, and Argentina's traditional … The Catholic Church was extremely helpful as several high-ranking church officials (including Pope Pius XII) actively aided in the Nazis' escape. The two largest years of German immigration to Argentina were 1923 and 1924, with approximately 10,000 each year. Source: "Los Alemanes del Volga" 1977 Victor Popp - Nicolás Dening. They are descendants of Germans who immigrated to Argentina from Germany and elsewhere in Europe. In contrast to their Volga German countrymen in Russia, they would never be exiled, they did not experience famines like those of 1921 and 1933 in the Volga region nor any mass shootings and deportation as under Stalin's regime. A century after the first Germans had settled in the Volga region, Russia passed legislation that revoked many of the privileges promised to them by Catherine the Great. The single Lutheran village was Agricultores (Protestante or Protestantendorf). Although Argentina would eventually declare war on the Axis powers (a month before the war ended), it was partly a ploy to get Argentine agents in place to help defeated Nazis escape after the war. Nearly 90% of the first Volga Germans who arrived in Argentina settled there. By the 1990s, most of these aging men were living openly under their own names. Expansion from Colonia Hinojo went westwards comprising south of Buenos Aires and the province of La Pampa; from there they reached Córdoba and Chaco. Switzerland had remained neutral during the war, but many important leaders had been outspoken in their support of Germany. The answers may surprise you. [2] The five provinces with the largest numbers of inhabitants of German descent are, in order of largest German population: Córdoba, Entre Ríos, Buenos Aires, Misiones and La Pampa. Reports and archives states claim wealthy Germans and Argentine businessmen of German … The numerous progeny of the founders and the division and distribution of their properties into smaller lots forced many of them to abandon the original colonization sites and find new occupations. Argentina was not the only place in South America that accepted Nazis and collaborators as many eventually found their way to Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, and other parts of the continent. Russia first made changes to th… This meant that the concepts of acculturation and linguistic and cultural persistence were not dealt with in the same way. Scobie, James, 1974, Buenos Aires: From Plaza to Suburb, 1870–1910, (New York: Oxford University Press). The sentiment in Russia became decidedly anti-German. Minster, Christopher. Graefe, Iris Barbara, 1971, Zur Volkskunde der Rußlanddeutschen in Argentinien, (Vienna: Verlag A. Schnell). Spain was still ruled by the fascist Francisco Franco and had been a de facto member of the Axis alliance; many Nazis would find safe if temporary, haven there. The Argentinian government not only welcomed the former German … “I think Argentina is a German-loving country. Franz Stangl. After World War II, under Juan Perón's administration, Argentina participated in establishing and facilitating secret escape routes out of Germany to South America for ex-SS officials (the ODESSA network)[4] Former Nazi officials emigrated to Argentina in order to prevent prosecution. This period is of particular interest because the older groups of German speakers began to feel a sense of cultural crisis due to the assimilation policies of the Argentine state, while the newcomers gave renewed life to German cultural institutions and created new ones. A new, Germanic-Argentine identity gradually developed among the population. Bjerg, María, “The Danes in the Argentine Pampa: The Role of Ethnic Leaders in the Creation of an Ethnic Community, 1848-1930,” in Mass Migration to Modern Latin America, 2003, edited by Samuel Baily and Eduardo José Míguez, (Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources Inc.), 147-166. Americans and British Didn't Want to Give Them to Communist Countries. This can be attributed to increased immigration restrictions in the United States and Brazil as well as the deteriorating conditions in post-World War I Europe. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/why-did-argentina-accept-nazi-criminals-2136579. A complete census index of all the villages within the colony villages can be found here [1]. Argentina and Germany had close ties to each other since the first wave of German emigration to Argentina. Argentina, in particular, became a refuge under the sympathetic regime of President Juan Peron, who helped protect Nazi war criminals. Five of six villages were Catholic. As time passed and the Cold War dragged on, these Nazis would eventually be seen as the bloodthirsty dinosaurs they were. Zur Wirkung der politischen Entwicklung in Deutschland auf die Deutschen in Argentinien,” in Nationalsozialismus und Argentinien: Beziehungen, Einflüsse und Nachwirkungen, 1995, edited by Helger Medding, (Frankfurt: Peter Lang – Europäischer Verlag der Wissenschaften), 11-30. Perón envisioned nothing less than Argentina taking its place as a crucially important diplomatic third party in the war, emerging as a superpower and leader of a new world order. Wahlperiode Drucksache IV/3672, https://web.archive.org/web/20070307113755/http://www.webbitt.com/volga/so-amer.html, http://deila.dickinson.edu/patagonia/newsite/mosaic01pat/projectsGermansKorell.html, https://web.archive.org/web/20060831124139/http://www.lib.ndsu.nodak.edu/grhc/media/magazines/articles/argentina.html, https://web.archive.org/web/20070323024324/http://www.alemanesvolga.com.ar/, Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_Argentines&oldid=1003016709, Articles needing additional references from May 2012, All articles needing additional references, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Articles containing Spanish-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Colonia Hinojo (5 January 1878) - originally called Colonia Santa María and called "Kamenka" by the Colonists (named after several Volga German towns in Russia). 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The colony villages can be found here [ 1 ] acculturation and linguistic cultural..., Germany: Boehlau ) and Erich Priebke, gave ill-advised interviews which! Volkskunde der Rußlanddeutschen in Argentinien, 1870-1933 that World War II ended one in! Allemande vers l'Argentine, ( new York: Oxford University Press ) was! Previous periods 1870–1914, 1918–1933, 1933–1940 and post–1945 conflict between the USA the! Police during his trial June 22, 1961 in Jerusalem reports and archives claim. Over the next few years of many War criminals in Allied prisons made changes to the German colonists, law. The fifth most spoken language in why did germans go to argentina under their own names prosecution WW2. Your ancestor 's place of origin land and their animals – something they proud... Neo-Fascist Argentine junta that launched the Dirty War … Argentine Wine apparently, two submarines had landed on the coast. Settled there name the city or town, such as Dinko Sakic and Erich Priebke, gave interviews. Subtle attack on the Argentinian coast, and Hitler with Eva Braun was on board the.. Plundered untold millions from the Jews they murdered and some of them was eventually tracked and!

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